TED Study - 01.11.16 (Tom Hulme - What can we learn from shortcuts?)

https://www.ted.com/talks/tom_hulme_what_can_we_learn_from_shortcuts?utm_source=tedcomshare&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=tedspread

[0:11]

When we’re designing new products, services or businesses, the only time you’ll know if they’re any good, if the designs are good, is to see how they’re used in the real world, in context.

in context : 상황에서

우리가 새로운 제품을 디자인할 때나 새로운 서비스나 사업을 구상할 때 그게 괜찮은 아이디어인지 괜찮은 디자인인지을 알려면 말그대로 실제로 그게 어떻게 활용되는지를 봐야 합니다.

[0:25]

I’m reminded of that every time I walk past Highbury Fields in north London. It’s absolutely beautiful. There’s a big open green space. There’s Georgian buildings around the side. But then there’s this mud trap that cuts across the middle. People clearly don’t want to walk all the way around the edge. Instead, they want to take the shortcut, and that shortcut is self-reinforcing.

shortcut : 지름길

하이베리 공원을 걸을 때마다 전 늘 그걸 되새기곤 합니다. 런던 북부에 있는 곳인데요. 정말 아름다운 곳이죠. 넓은 녹지가 있고 중세 건물들이 주변을 에워싸고 있죠. 그런데 중앙에 흙길이 가로질러 나있습니다. 사람들은 주변을 두르는 길로는 다니지 않습니다. 그 대신 지름길을 택하죠. 그 지름길은 저절로 굳어진 것입니다.

[0:49]

Now, this shortcut is called a desire path, and it’s often the path of least resistance. I find them fascinating, because they’re often the point where design and user experience diverge.

resistance : 저항

      resist : 저항하다, (부정문에서) 참다

      resistant : 저항력있는

diverge : 갈라지다, 나뉘다

이런 지름길을 희망경로라고 합니다. 저항감이 최소화되는 경로가 되죠. 이것이 흥미로운 이유는 이 곳이 디자인과 사용자 경험이 나뉘는 지점이기 때문입니다.

[1:03]

Now at this point, I should apologize, because you guys are going to start seeing these everywhere. But today, I’m going to pick three I find interesting and share what actually it reminds me about launching new products and services. The first is in the capital city of Brazil — Brasilia. And it reminds me that sometimes, you have to just focus on designing for a real need at low friction. Now, Brasilia is fascinating. It was designed by Niemeyer in the ‘50s. It was the golden age of flying, so he laid it out like a plane, as you can see there. Slightly worryingly, he put most of the important government buildings in the cockpit. But if you zoom in, in the very center of Brasilia, just where the point is there, you see it’s littered with desire paths. They’re absolutely everywhere.

friction : 마찰

lay (laid-laid) out : ~을 펼치다, ~을 배치하다

cockpit : 조종석

이 대목에서 제가 사과드려야겠네요. 여러분은 이제 어디서나 이런 게 눈에 들어오게 될 것이기 때문입니다. 오늘 저는 제가 알게 된 세 가지 흥미로운 사실을 말씀드리고 그것이 새로운 제품과 서비스를 런칭함에 있어서 얻게 된 교훈을 공유하려고 합니다. 첫 번째는 브라질 수도인 브라질리아에서 있었던 일입니다. 이 일화가 주는 교훈은 디자인을 할때는 실생활의 요구사항과 마찰을 줄이는 디자인을 해야 한다는 것입니다. 브라질리아는 매력적인 도시죠. 이 곳은 50년대에 니마이어가 도시 설계를 했습니다. 당시는 항공산업의 황금기였죠. 그래서 그는 항공기 형태로 공간을 배치했습니다. 보시는 것 처럼요. 약간 우려스러운 점은 대부분의 주요 정부건물을 조종석 위치에 두었다는 거에요. 그런데 브라질리아 중심가를 확대해 보면 바로 여기에 핵심이 있는데요. 희망경로들이 흩어져 있는 게 눈에 들어옵니다. 정말 사방에 흩어져 있죠.

[1:52]

Now, they thought that they had future-proofed this design. They thought in the future we wouldn’t need to walk anywhere — we’d be able to drive — so there was little need for walkways or pavements. But as you can see, there’s a real need. These are very dangerous desire paths. If we just pick one, in the middle, you can see it crosses 15 lanes of traffic. It won’t surprise you guys that Brasilia has five times the pedestrian accident rate of your average US city. People are resourceful. They’ll always find the low-friction route to save money, same time.

walkway : (옥외 지면보다 높게만든) 통행보도

pavement : 1. 인도, 보도 (영) (=sidewalk, 미)  2. (땅 위에 널돌을 깔아 만든) 포장 지역  3. 노면 (미)

그 당시 사람들은 이걸 미래지향적 디자인이라 생각했습니다. 미래에는 걸어다니지 않을 거라고 생각했던 거죠. 차로 이동할 거라 생각하고 보도나 포장로에 대한 필요성을 느끼지 못했습니다. 하지만 보시는 것처럼 실제 요구는 이렇죠. 매우 위험한 희망경로도 있습니다. 가운데 하나를 살펴 보면 15차선을 가로지르는 걸 볼 수 있죠. 당연하게도 브라질리아의 보행자 교통사고율은 미국 평균의 15배나 됩니다. 대중은 똑똑합니다. 그들은 늘 마찰이 적은 경로를 찾아냅니다. 돈과 시간을 절약하기 위해서죠.

[2:29]

Not all these desire paths are dangerous, I was reminded flying here when I was in Heathrow. Many of us get frustrated when we're confronted with the obligatory walk through duty-free. It was amazing to me how many people refused to take the long, meandering path to the left, and just cut through to the right, cut through the desire path.

confront with : ~와 대면시키다

      confront : 닥치다, 맞서다, 직면하다

obligatory : 의무적인

      oblige : 1. 의무적으로 ~ 하게 하다  2. 돕다, 베풀다

      obligation : 의무

      obligational : 의무적인, 법적 권한이 없는

meander : 구불구불하다

모든 희망경로가 위험한 건 아닙니다. 이 곳을 떠나 히드로 공항에 도착했을 때 이 장면을 상기했습니다. 대부분 사람들은 면세점 안의 고정된 통로를 마주할 때 불만을 갖습니다. 제가 놀란 것은 많은 사람들이 왼쪽의 길고 굽은 길을 거부하고 오른쪽으로 가로질러 간다는 거였어요. 희망경로로 질러가는 거죠.

[2:51]

The question that's interesting is: What do designers think when they see our behavior here? Do they think we're stupid? Do they think we're lazy? Or do they accept that this is the only truth? This is their product. We're effectively co-designing their product. So our job is to design for real needs at low friction, because if you don't, the customer will, anyway.

이런 의문이 생겼습니다. 디자이너는 사람들의 이런 행동을 보고 어떤 생각이 들까요? 우리를 멍청하다고 생각할까요? 우리가 게으르다고 생각할까요? 단지 당연한 사실로만 받아들일까요? 이건 그들 디자인의 결과입니다. 우리는 그들의 디자인 결과물을 효율적으로 함께 만들 수 있습니다. 우리가 할 일은 마찰이 적은 실제 요구사항을 디자인하는 거에요. 디자이너가 하지 않는다면 이용자가 그 일을 해야겠죠.

[3:18]

The second desire path I wanted to share is at the University of California. And it reminds me that sometimes the best way to come up with a great design is just to launch it. Now, university campuses are fantastic for spotting desire paths. I think it's because students are always late and they're pretty smart. So they're dashing to lectures. They'll always find the shortcut. And the designers here knew that. So they built the buildings and then they waited a few months for the paths to form. They then paved them. (Laughter) Incredibly smart approach. In fact, often, just launching the straw man of a service can teach you what people really want.

dash : 1. 황급히 달려감, 돌진, 질주  2. 황급히 함

      rush : 1. 급속히 움직이다, 서두르다  2. 성급하게 하다; 재촉하다

pave : (널돌/벽돌 등으로) 포장하다

straw man : 허수아비

소개해 드릴 두 번째 희망경로는 캘리포니아 대학에서의 일화입니다. 이 일화가 주는 교훈은 때로는 무턱대고 실행해보는 것이 훌륭한 디자인을 얻게 되는 최선의 방법이 되기도 한다는 것입니다. 대학 캠퍼스는 희망경로를 발견하기에 최고의 장소입니다. 학생들은 늘 시간에 쫓기면서도 매우 똑똑하기 때문이죠. 강의 시간에 맞춰 뛰어다니며 늘 지름길을 찾아내죠. 이 곳의 디자이너들은 그걸 알고 있었습니다. 그래서 그들은 일단 건물을 먼저 세우고 통행로가 만들어질 때까지 몇 달을 기다렸습니다. 길이 나자 도로포장을 했죠. (웃음) 대단히 현명한 접근방법이죠. 사실, 가끔 허수아비를 세워두는 것도 사람들이 진짜 원하는 걸 아는 방법이 되기도 합니다.

[3:59]

For example, Ayr Muir in Boston knew he wanted to open a restaurant. But where should it be? What should the menu be? He launched a service, in this case a food truck, and he changed the location each day. He'd write a different menu on the side in a whiteboard marker to figure out what people wanted. He now has a chain of restaurants. So it can be incredibly efficient to launch something to spot the desire paths.

incredibly : 믿을 수 없을 정도로, 엄청나게, 믿기 힘들게도

      incredible : 믿을 수 없는, 믿기 힘든  2. 믿어지지 않을 정도인

일례로, 보스턴의 에이르 뮈러는 식당을 열고 싶었습니다. 그런데 어디에 열어야 할지 메뉴는 뭘로 할지 몰랐죠. 그는 일단 사업을 시작했죠. 푸드트럭을 이용해서 매일 장소를 옮겨 다녔습니다. 옆에 화이트보드를 두고 메뉴를 바꿔서 써두었습니다. 사람들의 취향을 알아보기 위해서였죠. 그는 지금은 식당 체인점을 운영하고 있습니다. 뭔가 우선 실행해보는 것이 희망경로를 파악하는 매우 효과적 방법이 됩니다.

[4:27]

The third and final desire path I wanted to share with you is the UNIH. It reminds me that the world's in flux, and we have to respond to those changes. So as you'll guess, this is a hospital. I've marked for you on the left the Oncology Department. The patients would usually stay in the hotels down on the bottom right. This was a patient-centered organization, so they laid on cars for their patients. But what they realized when they started offering chemotherapy is the patients rarely wanted to get in cars. They were too nauseous, so they'd walk back to their hotels. This desire path that you see diagonally, formed. The patients even called it "The Chemo Trail." Now, when the hospital saw this originally, they tried to lay turf back over it, ignore it. But after a while, they realized it was an important need they were meeting for their patients, so they paved it.

flux : 끊임없는 변화[유동]

lay on : 제공하다, 내놓다

      lie on : ~의 의무[책임]이다, ~에 의하다

chemotherapy : 화학요법

nauseous : 역겨운, 메스꺼운

diagonally : 대각선으로, 비스듬하게

turf : 잔디

마지막으로 소개할 세번째 희망경로는 국립보건원(UNIH)입니다. 이 일화가 주는 교훈은 세상은 끊임없이 변화하고 우리는 그 변화에 대응해야 한다는 것입니다. 예상하셨듯이 이 곳은 병원입니다. 왼쪽의 종양센터에 표시를 해 두었는데요. 환자들이 주로 지내는 곳은 오른쪽 아래의 병동입니다. 이 곳은 환자 중심의 조직입니다. 그래서 환자들에게 차량을 제공하죠. 그런데 약물치료를 받을 때는 환자들이 차에 타는 걸 별로 원치 않는다는 사실을 알았죠. 메스꺼움이 심해서 병동에 돌아갈 때는 걸어서 돌아가는 것이었습니다. 보시는대로 희망경로가 대각선으로 만들어져 있죠. 환자들은 이 길을 '약물치료 산책로'라고 부릅니다. 병원측이 처음에 이걸 발견했을 때 이런 사실을 무시하고 이 위에 잔디를 다시 깔았습니다. 하지만 얼마 후에, 이 길이 중요한 요구사항임을 알게 되었죠. 병원측은 환자들과 회의를 가졌고 그 후에 이 곳에 도로를 만들었습니다.

[5:24]

And I think our job is often to pave these emerging desire paths. If we look back at the one in North London again, that desire path hasn't always been there. The reason it sprung up is people were traveling to the mighty Arsenal Football Club stadium on game days, from the Underground station you see on the bottom right. So you see the desire path. If we just wind the clock back a few years, when the stadium was being constructed, there is no desire path.

emerge : 1. 나오다  2. 드러나다, 알려지다  3. 생겨나다, 부상하다, 부각하다

spring up : 휙 나타나다[갑자기 생겨나다]

우리가 할 일은 이런 희망경로가 드러나면 그걸 포장하는 것입니다. 런던 북부의 사례로 다시 돌아가보면 이 희망경로가 늘 이 자리는 아니었어요. 그 이유는 축구 경기가 있는 날에는 사람들은 오른쪽 아래의 지하철 역에서 아스날 클럽 경기장으로 이동했습니다. 그 희망경로가 보이시죠. 몇 년 전으로 거슬러 올라가 경기장을 짓고 있을 때는 이 희망경로는 없었습니다.

[5:52]

So our job is to watch for these desire paths emerging, and, where appropriate, pave them, as someone did here. Someone installed a barrier, people started walking across and round the bottom as you see, and they paved it.

우리가 해야 할 일은 이런 희망경로가 드러나는 걸 찾아내고 적당한 위치에 그 길을 만들어 주는 것입니다. 누군가가 이곳에 한 것처럼요. 누군가 여기 장애물을 두었고 사람들은 아래로 돌아가기 시작하자 그 길을 포장도로로 만들었죠.

[6:09]

(Laughter)

[6:11]

But I think this is a wonderful reminder as well, that, actually, the world is in flux. It's constantly changing, because if you look at the top of this image, there's another desire path forming.

그런데 이것도 놀라운 교훈을 준다고 생각합니다. 실제로 세상은 끊임없이 변화한다는 거예요. 계속해서 바뀌고 있어요. 이 사진의 위쪽을 보시면 또 다른 희망경로가 만들어지고 있거든요.

[6:22]

So these three desire paths remind me we need to design for real human needs. I think empathy for what your customers want is probably the biggest leading indicator of business success. Design for real needs and design them in low friction, because if you don't offer them in low friction, someone else will, often the customer.

empathy : 감정이입, 공감

이들 세가지 일화가 일깨워 주는 것은 사람들의 실제 요구에 따라 디자인해야 한다는 것입니다. 소비자의 요구를 공감하는 것이 사업성공의 가장 큰 척도가 된다고 생각합니다. 실제 요구에 따라 디자인하고 마찰을 최소화하는 디자인을 하세요. 마찰을 최소화하는 디자인을 제공하지 못하면 누군가, 때로는 소비자가 그 일을 할 것이기 때문입니다.

[6:45]

Secondly, often the best way to learn what people really want is to launch your service. The answer is rarely inside the building. Get out there and see what people really want.

두 번째로, 대중의 실제 요구를 파악하는 가장 좋은 방법은 서비스를 일단 제공해보는 것입니다. 해답이 책상머리에서 나오는 것은 아니거든요. 밖으로 나가서 사람들이 진짜 원하는 것을 눈으로 확인하세요.

[6:57]

And finally, in part because of technology, the world is incredibly flux at the moment. It's changing constantly. These desire paths are going to spring up faster than ever. Our job is to pick the appropriate ones and pave over them.

appropriate : adj. 1. 적정한  2. 도용하다  3. 책정하다

v. 도용하다, 책정하다

      appropriative : 충당의, 특별 사용의

      appropriation : 도용, 전용, (돈의)책정

      appropriateness : 타당성, 어울림

      appropriator : 전용자, 사용자, 충당자

      appropriately : 적당하게, 알맞게, 어울리게

그리고 마지막으로, 기술에 힘입어서 세상은 순식간에 놀라운 변화를 보입니다. 계속해서 변화하고 있어요. 이런 희망경로는 끝없이 빠르게 나타나고 있습니다. 우리의 역할은 그 중 적당한 것을 고르고 그 길에 포장을 씌워주는 것입니다.

[7:13]

Thank you very much.

[7:14]

(Applause)

TED study - 20.10.16 (John McWhorter - 4 reasons to learn a new language “TED2016, Gefilmt Feb. 2016”)

https://www.ted.com/talks/john_mcwhorter_4_reasons_to_learn_a_new_language?utm_source=tedcomshare&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=tedspread

0:11
The language I'm speaking right now is on its way to becoming the world's universal language, for better or for worse. Let's face it, it's the language of the internet, it's the language of finance, it's the language of air traffic control, of popular music, diplomacy -- English is everywhere.

diplomacy : 1. (국가간) 외교(술)  2. (사람들 사이의) 사교 능력

0:33
Now, Mandarin Chinese is spoken by more people, but more Chinese people are learning English than English speakers are learning Chinese. Last I heard, there are two dozen universities in China right now teaching all in English. English is taking over.

Mandarin Chinese : 중국어(본토)

dozen : 12 (cf. two dozen : 24)

take over : 

     1. take over (from somebody) ; (~을) 인계받다

     2. take over (from something) ; (~보다) 더 커지다[중요해지다]; (~을) 대체하다

0:52
And in addition to that, it's been predicted that at the end of the century almost all of the languages that exist now -- there are about 6,000 -- will no longer be spoken. There will only be some hundreds left. And on top of that, it's at the point where instant translation of live speech is not only possible, but it gets better every year.

predict : 예측하다 

some hundreds : 몇 백개

instant : 

      noun

1. an infinitesimal or very short space of time; a moment: They arrived not an instant too soon. -> 아주 짧은 동안
2. the point of time now present or present with reference to some action or event. -> (특정한 일이 일어나는 바로 그) 순간
3. a particular moment: at the instant of contact. -> 순간
4. a food or beverage, especially coffee, specially processed for quick preparation.

      adjective

1. succeeding without any interval of time; prompt; immediate: instant relief from a headache. -> 즉각적인
2. pressing or urgent: instant need.

not A but B : A 가 아니라 B 이다

1:16
The reason I'm reciting those things to you is because I can tell that we're getting to the point where a question is going to start being asked,which is: Why should we learn foreign languages --other than if English happens to be foreign to one? Why bother to learn another one when it's getting to the point where almost everybody in the world will be able to communicate in one?

recite : ~(sth) (to sb) 1. 암송[낭송/낭독]하다  2. (열거하듯) 죽 말하다, 나열하다

bother : 

      verb (used with object)

1. to give trouble to; annoy; pester; worry: His baby sister bothered him for candy. -> 신경쓰이게 하다, 괴롭히다.
2. to bewilder; confuse: His inability to understand the joke bothered him. -> 어리둥절하게 만들다

      verb (used without object)

1. to take the trouble; trouble or inconvenience oneself: Don’t bother to call. He has no time to bother with trifles. -> 신경 쓰다, 애를 쓰다

      noun

1. something troublesome, burdensome, or annoying: Doing the laundry every week can be a terrible bother. -> 성가신 일
2. effort, work, or worry: Gardening takes more bother than it’s worth. -> 성가심

1:41
I think there are a lot of reasons, but I first want to address the one that you're probably most likely to have heard of, because actually it's more dangerous than you might think. And that is the idea that a language channels your thoughts, that the vocabulary and the grammar of different languages gives everybody a different kind of acid trip, so to speak. That is a marvelously enticing idea, but it's kind of fraught.

be likely to : ~ 할 것 같다.

acid trip : 환각 체험 (속어)

marvelously : 놀라울 만큼, 믿을 수 없을 만큼

marvelous : 놀라운, 믿기 어려운, 신기한

entice : 유도/유인하다

fraught : 1. (좋지 않은 것들이) 가득한  2. 걱정스러운; 걱정하는

2:12
So it's not that it's untrue completely. So for example, in French and Spanish the word for table is, for some reason, marked as feminine. So, "la table," "la mesa," you just have to deal with it. It has been shown that if you are a speaker of one of those languages and you happen to be asked how you would imagine a table talking, then much more often than could possibly be an accident, a French or a Spanish speaker says that the table would talk with a high and feminine voice. So if you're French or Spanish, to you, a table is kind of a girl, as opposed to if you are an English speaker.

feminine : 1. 여성스러운  2. 여성을 가리키는

accident : 1. 사고  2. 우연

as opposed to : ~와는 대조적으로; ~이 아니라

2:56

It's hard not to love data like that, and many people will tell you that that means that there's a worldview that you have if you speak one of those languages. But you have to watch out, because imagine if somebody put us under the microscope, the us being those of us who speak English natively. What is the worldview from English?

worldview : 세계관

3:17

So for example, let's take an English speaker. Up on the screen, that is Bono. He speaks English. I presume he has a worldview. Now, that is Donald Trump. In his way, he speaks English as well.

presume : 1. 추정하다  2. 간주하다

3:34

(Laughter)

3:38

And here is Ms. Kardashian, and she is an English speaker, too. So here are three speakers of the English language. What worldview do those three people have in common? What worldview is shaped through the English language that unites them? It's a highly fraught concept. And so gradual consensus is becoming that language can shape thought, but it tends to be in rather darling, obscure psychological flutters. It's not a matter of giving you a different pair of glasses on the world.

in common : 공동으로

shape :

      noun

1. the quality of a distinct object or body in having an external surface or outline of specific form of figure. -> 형태
2. this quality as found in some individual object or dory form : This lake has a peculiar shape. 
3. something seen in outline, as in silhouette: A vague shape appeared through the mist.
4. an imaginary form; phantom.

      verb (used with object), shaped, shaping

1. to give definite form, shape, organization, or character to; fashion or form. -> 형성하다
2. to couch or express in words: to shape a statement
3. to adjust; adapt: He shaped everything to suit his taste.
4. to direct (one’s course, future, etc.)

      verb (used without object), shaped, shaping

1. to come to a desired conclusion or take place in a specified way: If discussions shape properly, the companies will merge.

      Verb phrases

1. shape up

1. to assume a specific form: The plan is beginning to shape up.
2. to evolve or develop, especially favorably.
3. to improve one’s behavior or performance to meet a required standard.
4. to get oneself into good physical condition.

gradual : 1. 점진적인  2. (경사가) 완만한

consensus : 의견 일치, 합의

tend to : ~하는 경향이 있다

obscure : 1. 잘 알려져 있지 않은, 무명의  2. 이해하기 힘든, 모호한

psychological : 1. 정신의, 정신적인  2. 심리학적인

flutter : v. 1. 흔들리다  2. 파닥이다  3. 훨훨 날아가다  n. 1. 흔들림  2. 소동, 혼란  3. 두근거림

4:13

Now, if that's the case, then why learn languages? If it isn't going to change the way you think, what would the other reasons be? There are some. One of them is that if you want to imbibe a culture, if you want to drink it in, if you want to become part of it, then whether or not the language channels the culture -- and that seems doubtful -- if you want to imbibe the culture, you have to control to some degree the language that the culture happens to be conducted in. There's no other way.

If S+V(현재), would + be :  가정법 현재

imbibe :  1. (술을) 마시다  2. (정보를) 흡수하다

doubtful : 확신이 없는, 의심을 품은

4:48

There's an interesting illustration of this. I have to go slightly obscure, but really you should seek it out. There's a movie by the Canadian film director Denys Arcand -- read out in English on the page, "Dennis Ar-cand," if you want to look him up. He did a film called "Jesus of Montreal." And many of the characters are vibrant, funny, passionate, interesting French-Canadian, French-speaking women. There's one scene closest to the end, where they have to take a friend to an Anglophone hospital. In the hospital, they have to speak English. Now, they speak English but it's not their native language, they'd rather not speak English. And they speak it more slowly, they have accents, they're not idiomatic. Suddenly these characters that you've fallen in love with become husks of themselves, they're shadows of themselves.

seek : (sought, sought)

      verb (used with object)

1. to go in search or quest of: to seek the truth.
2. to try to find or discover by searching or questioning: to seek the solution to a problem

      verb (used with object)

1. to try to obtain: to seek fame
2. to try or attempt (usually followed by an infinitive): to seek to convince a person

      verb (used without object)

1. to make inquiry

cf. seek sb/st out : (특히 많은 노력을 기울여) ~을 찾아내다.

read out : (소리내어) 읽다

look sb up : (특히 오랫동안 못 만난 사람을) 방문하다, 연락하다

vibrant : 활기찬, 생기넘치는, 강렬한, 선명한 

idiomatic : (언어 표현이 모국어 사용자가 쓰는 것같이) 자연스러운

husk : (곡물의) 겉껍질

      cf. from urban dict. : A person who has no substance, personality, character or knowledge. An empty shell of a human.

5:38

To go into a culture and to only ever process people through that kind of skrim curtain is to never truly get the culture. And so the extent that hundreds of languages will be left, one reason to learn them is because they are tickets to being able to participate in the culture of the people who speak them, just by virtue of the fact that it is their code. So that's one reason.

skrim 

curtain

virtue

6:02

Second reason: it's been shown that if you speak two languages, dementia is less likely to set in, and that you are probably a better multitasker. And these are factors that set in early, and so that ought to give you some sense of when to give junior or juniorette lessons in another language. Bilingualism is healthy.

dementia

6:25

And then, third -- languages are just an awful lot of fun. Much more fun than we're often told. So for example, Arabic: "kataba," he wrote, "yaktubu," he writes, she writes. "Uktub," write, in the imperative. What do those things have in common? All those things have in common the consonants sitting in the middle like pillars. They stay still, and the vowels dance around the consonants. Who wouldn't want to roll that around in their mouths? You can get that from Hebrew, you can get that from Ethiopia's main language, Amharic. That's fun.

imperative

consonant

7:05

Or languages have different word orders. Learning how to speak with different word order is like driving on the different side of a street if you go to certain country, or the feeling that you get when you put Witch Hazel around your eyes and you feel the tingle. A language can do that to you.

7:24

So for example, "The Cat in the Hat Comes Back,"a book that I'm sure we all often return to, like "Moby Dick." One phrase in it is, "Do you know where I found him? Do you know where he was? He was eating cake in the tub, Yes he was!" Fine. Now, if you learn that in Mandarin Chinese, then you have to master, "You can know, I did where him find? He was tub inside gorging cake, No mistake gorging chewing!" That just feels good.Imagine being able to do that for years and years at a time.

7:55

Or, have you ever learned any Cambodian? Me either, but if I did, I would get to roll around in my mouth not some baker's dozen of vowels like English has, but a good 30 different vowelsscooching and oozing around in the Cambodian mouth like bees in a hive. That is what a language can get you.

8:21

And more to the point, we live in an era when it's never been easier to teach yourself another language. It used to be that you had to go to a classroom, and there would be some diligent teacher -- some genius teacher in there -- but that person was only in there at certain times and you had to go then, and then was not most times. You had to go to class. If you didn't have that, you had something called a record. I cut my teeth on those.There was only so much data on a record, or a cassette, or even that antique object known as a CD. Other than that you had books that didn't work, that's just the way it was.

8:54

Today you can lay down -- lie on your living room floor, sipping bourbon, and teach yourself any language that you want to with wonderful sets such as Rosetta Stone. I highly recommend the lesser known Glossika as well. You can do it any time, therefore you can do it more and better. You can give yourself your morning pleasures in various languages. I take some "Dilbert" in various languages every single morning; it can increase your skills. Couldn't have done it 20 years agowhen the idea of having any language you wantedin your pocket, coming from your phone, would have sounded like science fiction to very sophisticated people.

9:36

So I highly recommend that you teach yourself languages other than the one that I'm speaking,because there's never been a better time to do it.It's an awful lot of fun. It won't change your mind,but it will most certainly blow your mind.

9:53

Thank you very much.

9:54

(Applause)

TED Study (Why you should talk to strangers - Kio Stark)

Why you should talk to strangers - Kio Stark

0:11 There are things we say when we catch the eye of a stranger or a neighbor walking by. We say, "Hello, how are you? It's a beautiful day. How do you feel?" These sound kind of meaningless, right? And, in some ways, they are. They have no semantic meaning. It doesn't matter how you are or what the day is like. They have something else. They have social meaning. What we mean when we say those things is: I see you there.

semantic

     adj.

1. of, relating to, or arising from the different meanings of words or other symbols: semantic change; semantic confusion.
2. of or relating to semantics.

     -> 의미의, 의미론적인

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0:44 I'm obsessed with talking to strangers. I make eye contact, say hello, I offer help, I listen. I get all kinds of stories. About seven years ago, I started documenting my experiences to try to figure out why. What I found was that something really beautiful was going on. This is almost poetic. These were really profound experiences. They were unexpected pleasures. They were genuine emotional connections. They were liberating moments.

obsess

     verb (used with object)

1. to dominate or preoccupy the thoughts, feelings, or desires of (aperson); beset, trouble, or haunt persistently or abnormally:
        Suspicion obsessed him.
   -> (어떤 생각이 사람의 마음을) 사로잡다, … 생각만 하게[…에 집착하게] 하다

     verb (used without object)

2. to think about something unceasingly or persistently; dwell obsessively upon something.
   -> (…에 대해) 강박감을 갖다

Profound

      adjective, profounder, profoundest.

1. penetrating or entering deeply into subjects of thought or knowledge;having deep insight or understanding:
          a profound thinker.
   -> (영향・느낌・경험 등이) 엄청난[깊은]

liberate

      verb (used with object), liberated, liberating.

1. to set free, as from imprisonment or bondage.
2. to free (a nation or area) from control by a foreign or oppressive government.
3. to free (a group or individual) from social or economic constraints or discrimination, especially arising from traditional role expectations or bias.
   -> ~ sb/sth (from sb/sth) (국가・사람을 억압・속박으로부터) 해방시키다

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1:21 So one day, I was standing on a corner waiting for the light to change, which, I'm a New Yorker, so that means I was actually standing in the street on the storm drain, as if that could get me across faster. And there's an old man standing next to me. So he's wearing, like, a long overcoat and sort of an old-man hat, and he looked like somebody from a movie. And he says to me, "Don't stand there. You might disappear." So this is absurd, right? But I did what he said. I stepped back onto the sidewalk. And he smiled, and he said, "Good. You never know. I might have turned around, and zoop, you're gone."

storm drain : 빗물 배수관

Overcoat : 외투

absurd      cf. be absurd : 터무니없다, 어처구니없다.

      adjective

1. utterly or obviously senseless, illogical, or untrue; contrary to all reason or common sense; laughably foolish or false:
      an absurd explanation.
   -> 우스꽝스러운, 터무니없는

      noun

2. the quality or condition of existing in a meaningless and irrational world.
   -> 불합리, 부조리

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2:00 This was weird, and also really wonderful. He was so warm, and he was so happy that he'd saved me. We had this little bond. For a minute, I felt like my existence as a person had been noticed, and I was worth saving. The really sad thing is, in many parts of the world, we're raised to believe that strangers are dangerous by default, that we can't trust them, that they might hurt us. But most strangers aren't dangerous. We're uneasy around them because we have no context. We don't know what their intentions are. So instead of using our perceptions and making choices, we rely on this category of "stranger."

by default : 기본적으로

context

    noun

1. the parts of a written or spoken statement that precede or follow a specific word or passage, usually influencing its meaning or effect:
    You have misinterpreted my remark because you took it out of context.
   -> (글의) 맥락, 문맥
2. the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event,situation, etc.
   -> (어떤 일의) 맥락, 전후 사정

‘rely’

verb (intransitive; foll by on or upon)

1. to be dependent (on): he relies on his charm
   -> 기대다, 의존하다
2. to have trust or confidence (in): you can rely on us
   -> 의지하다

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2:50 I have a four-year-old. When I say hello to people on the street, she asks me why. She says, "Do we know them?"

2:59 I say, "No, they're our neighbor."

3:01 "Are they our friend?"

3:03 "No, it's just good to be friendly."

3:06 I think twice every time I say that to her, because I mean it, but as a woman, particularly, I know that not every stranger on the street has the best intentions. It is good to be friendly, and it's good to learn when not to be, but none of that means we have to be afraid.

3:25 There are two huge benefits to using our senses instead of our fears. The first one is that it liberates us.When you think about it, using perception instead of categories is much easier said than done. Categories are something our brains use. When it comes to people, it's sort of a shortcut for learning about them. We see male, female, young, old, black, brown, white, stranger, friend, and we use the information in that box. It's quick, it's easy and it's a road to bias. And it means we're not thinking about people as individuals. I know an American researcher who travels frequently in Central Asia and Africa, alone. She's entering into towns and cities as a complete stranger. She has no bonds, no connections. She's a foreigner. Her survival strategy is this: get one stranger to see you as a real, individual person. If you can do that, it'll help other people see you that way, too.

perception : 지각, 자각, 통찰력

sort of : 어느정도

shortcut : 지름길, 손쉬운 방법

bias : 편견, 편향, 성향

bond : 유대

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4:39 The second benefit of using our senses has to do with intimacy. I know it sounds a little counterintuitive,intimacy and strangers, but these quick interactions can lead to a feeling that sociologists call "fleeting intimacy." So, it's a brief experience that has emotional resonance and meaning. It's the good feeling I got from being saved from the death trap of the storm drain by the old man, or how I feel like part of a community when I talk to somebody on my train on the way to work.

Intimacy : 친밀함

Counterintuitive : 반직관적인, 직관에 어긋나는

Interaction : 상호작용

Fleeting : 순식간의, 잠깐동안의

Resonance : 울림, 공명

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5:16 Sometimes it goes further. Researchers have found that people often feel more comfortable being honest and open about their inner selves with strangers than they do with their friends and their families -- that they often feel more understood by strangers. This gets reported in the media with great lament. "Strangers communicate better than spouses!" It's a good headline, right? I think it entirely misses the point. The important thing about these studies is just how significant these interactions can be; how this special form of closeness gives us something we need as much as we need our friends and our families.

Lament : v. 애통[한탄/통탄]하다  n. 애도, 애가, 비탄

Spouse : 배우자

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6:03 So how is it possible that we communicate so well with strangers? There are two reasons. The first one is that it's a quick interaction. It has no consequences. It's easy to be honest with someone you're never going to see again, right? That makes sense. The second reason is where it gets more interesting. We have a bias when it comes to people we're close to. We expect them to understand us. We assume they do, and we expect them to read our minds. So imagine you're at a party, and you can't believe that your friend or your spouse isn't picking up on it that you want to leave early. And you're thinking, "I gave you the look."

Consequences : 결과, 중요함

Pick up on : 이해하다, 알아차리다

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6:49 With a stranger, we have to start from scratch. We tell the whole story, we explain who the people are, how we feel about them; we spell out all the inside jokes. And guess what? Sometimes they do understand us a little better.

spell out : 상세하게[명백히] 설명하다.

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7:05 OK. So now that we know that talking to strangers matters, how does it work? There are unwritten rules we tend to follow. The rules are very different depending on what country you're in, what culture you're in. In most parts of the US, the baseline expectation in public is that we maintain a balance between civility and privacy. This is known as civil inattention. So, imagine two people are walking towards each other on the street. They'll glance at each other from a distance. That's the civility, the acknowledgment. And then as they get closer, they'll look away, to give each other some space.

depending on : ~에 따라

Civility : 정중함

Inattention : 부주의

Glance : 흘낏보다

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7:46 In other cultures, people go to extraordinary lengths not to interact at all. People from Denmark tell me that many Danes are so averse to talking to strangers, that they would rather miss their stop on the bus than say "excuse me" to someone that they need to get around. Instead, there's this elaborate shuffling of bags and using your body to say that you need to get past, instead of using two words.

Elaborate : 정교한

Shuffling : 질질끄는, 다소 비매너적인, 회피적인

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8:17 In Egypt, I'm told, it's rude to ignore a stranger, and there's a remarkable culture of hospitality. Strangers might ask each other for a sip of water. Or, if you ask someone for directions, they're very likely to invite you home for coffee. We see these unwritten rules most clearly when they're broken, or when you're in a new place and you're trying to figure out what the right thing to do is.

Hospitality : 호의, 환대

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8:46 Sometimes breaking the rules a little bit is where the action is. In case it's not clear, I really want you to do this. OK? So here's how it's going to go. Find somebody who is making eye contact. That's a good signal. The first thing is a simple smile. If you're passing somebody on the street or in the hallway here, smile. See what happens.

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9:13 Another is triangulation. There's you, there's a stranger, there's some third thing that you both might see and comment on, like a piece of public art or somebody preaching in the street or somebody wearing funny clothes. Give it a try. Make a comment about that third thing, and see if starts a conversation.

Triangulation : 삼각법

Preaching : 설교, 설교술

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9:35 Another is what I call noticing. This is usually giving a compliment. I'm a big fan of noticing people's shoes. I'm actually not wearing fabulous shoes right now, but shoes are fabulous in general. And they're pretty neutral as far as giving compliments goes. People always want to tell you things about their awesome shoes.

Compliment : 칭찬, 찬사

Fabulous : 기가막히게 좋은

Neutral : 중립적인

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9:56 You may have already experienced the dogs and babies principle. It can be awkward to talk to someone on the street; you don't know how they're going to respond. But you can always talk to their dog or their baby. The dog or the baby is a social conduit to the person, and you can tell by how they respond whether they're open to talking more.

Conduit : 전선관, 전달자

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10:17 The last one I want to challenge you to is disclosure. This is a very vulnerable thing to do, and it can be very rewarding. So next time you're talking to a stranger and you feel comfortable, tell them something true about yourself, something really personal. You might have that experience I talked about of feeling understood.

Disclosure : 폭로

Vulnerable : 취약한, 연약한(상처받기 쉬운)

Rewarding : (활동등이) 보람있는

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10:40 Sometimes in conversation, it comes up, people ask me, "What does your dad do?" or, "Where does he live?" And sometimes I tell them the whole truth, which is that he died when I was a kid. Always in those moments, they share their own experiences of loss. We tend to meet disclosure with disclosure, even with strangers.

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11:03 So, here it is. When you talk to strangers, you're making beautiful interruptions into the expected narrative of your daily life and theirs. You're making unexpected connections. If you don't talk to strangers, you're missing out on all of that. We spend a lot of time teaching our children about strangers. What would happen if we spent more time teaching ourselves? We could reject all the ideas that make us so suspicious of each other. We could make a space for change.

Narrative : 묘사, 서술

Suspicious : 의혹을 갖는, 수상쩍어 하는

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11:43 Thank you.

11:44(Applause)